An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that develops on or within an ovary. Most are functional cysts that form as a normal part of the menstrual cycle and resolve on their own within a few weeks. They are extremely common and usually harmless.

Some cysts persist or grow, and a smaller number are related to conditions such as endometriosis (endometriomas) or benign tumours such as dermoid cysts. Cysts may cause pelvic pain, bloating, pressure on the bladder or bowel, or pain during intercourse. Occasionally a cyst can twist or rupture, causing sudden severe pain that needs prompt attention.

Assessment is with pelvic ultrasound, sometimes supplemented by blood tests or an MRI. The appearance of the cyst on imaging, together with your age and symptoms, guides whether monitoring or treatment is appropriate.

Many cysts simply need review over time. When treatment is needed, laparoscopic surgery allows the cyst to be removed while preserving the ovary wherever possible — an important consideration for future fertility and hormonal health.